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# Fossmark # fossbench
A single-threaded CPU benchmark for ARM64 (AArch64), with the numeric kernels fossbench is an open-source CPU benchmark with nine assembly workloads and a
hand-written in assembly and a small portable C driver to run and score them. small C driver. It measures each workload twice: once on a single core and once
across every available core. The final report includes separate single-core and
multicore scores.
## What it measures The repository currently builds an executable named `fossmark` for ARM64 and
x86-64. The C driver handles timing, memory, threads, output, and scoring. The
performance-sensitive kernels live in architecture-specific assembly files.
Nine workloads, each a tight assembly kernel: ## Workloads
| # | Test | What it exercises | | Test | What it measures |
|---|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------| |---|---|
| 1 | Integer Math | 64-bit ALU: `madd`, `umulh`/`smulh`, `udiv`/`sdiv`, bit ops | | Integer math | 64-bit multiplication, division, shifts, and bit operations |
| 2 | Floating Point Math | scalar double: `fmadd`, `fdiv`, `fsqrt` | | Floating point math | Scalar double-precision multiplication, addition, division, and square roots |
| 3 | Prime Numbers | sieve of Eratosthenes to 2,000,000 (strided memory + ALU) | | Prime numbers | A sieve of Eratosthenes up to 2,000,000 |
| 4 | Extended Instructions | NEON/ASIMD: 128-bit integer, widening, table, float vectors | | Extended instructions | 128-bit SIMD integer and floating point work using NEON or SSE2 |
| 5 | Compression | LZ77 match-finder over a 4 MiB corpus (branchy, cache probe) | | Compression | An LZ77 match finder over a 4 MiB generated corpus |
| 6 | Encryption | ChaCha20, 20 rounds, NEON, over 1 MiB | | Encryption | ChaCha20 with 20 rounds over a 1 MiB buffer |
| 7 | Physics | 512-body direct-summation gravity, double precision | | Physics | Direct-sum gravity for 512 bodies |
| 8 | Sorting | in-place heapsort of 1M `uint32` (branch + cache stress) | | Sorting | In-place heapsort of one million 32-bit integers |
| 9 | Single-Threaded | dependent-load pointer chase over 16 MiB (memory latency) | | Memory latency | Dependent pointer chasing through a private 16 MiB cycle |
Each test auto-calibrates its iteration count until it runs long enough to be The benchmark increases each test's iteration count until one run takes at
timed reliably, then reports the best of several runs (the run least disturbed least two seconds. It then keeps the fastest of three runs. Each kernel returns
by the OS scheduler). Every kernel returns a checksum that the driver verifies a checksum, and fossbench stops if repeated runs produce different results.
across runs, so a miscompiled or non-deterministic kernel is caught rather than
silently mis-scored.
## Scoring During the multicore pass, every thread gets its own mutable workspace. This
keeps the kernels free of data races and prevents shared scratch buffers from
distorting the result.
Each test's raw rate is normalised against a **reference machine** into a ## Build and run
unitless score, and the overall is a **weighted geometric mean** of those
scores:
``` You need a C compiler, GNU Make, pthreads, and the system math library.
S_i = TARGET * (rate_i / REF_i) (per-test score)
Overall = TARGET * exp( Σ w_i·ln(rate_i/REF_i) / Σ w_i ) (weighted geo. mean) ```sh
``` make
make bench
The reference rates are the tuning machine's own rates, and `TARGET` is 20000, ```
so that machine scores ~20000 on every test and overall. Scaling is linear in
performance: a machine half as fast scores ~10000, one 10× slower ~2000, and a `make` builds a binary for the host at
future machine twice as fast ~40000 — so there is unbounded room both below and `dist/fossmark-<os>-<arch>`. `make bench` builds that binary and runs it.
above the reference.
Other targets are available for explicit platforms and architectures:
The weights reflect each test's influence on **everyday, common-workload user
experience** — integer/general-purpose throughput and memory-latency-bound
responsiveness matter most; specialised floating-point and physics matter
least. This mirrors the weighted, integer-dominant approach of mainstream
suites such as Geekbench 6 (which splits integer/FP roughly 65/35 and combines
real-world workloads with a weighted mean).
| Test | Weight |
|---|---:|
| Integer Math | 20% |
| Single-Threaded | 16% |
| Compression | 14% |
| Sorting | 12% |
| Extended Instructions | 11% |
| Floating Point | 9% |
| Encryption | 8% |
| Prime Numbers | 6% |
| Physics | 4% |
Everything above is configurable via `#define`s at the top of `src/main.c`:
`FM_TARGET_SCORE`, the nine `FM_REF_*` reference rates, and the nine
`FM_WEIGHT_*` weights. Weights are relative — the code normalises by their sum,
so you can change one without rebalancing the rest. To re-baseline for a
different reference machine, set each `FM_REF_*` to that machine's measured
rate.
Note: the pointer-chase (Single-Threaded) test measures raw memory latency and
is the noisiest to sample, so the overall typically varies ~1–2% run to run.
## "Runs on all operating systems"
The **assembly is** OS-independent: `src/fossmark.S` contains no system calls,
no libc calls, and no external relocations. Every routine is a pure function of
its arguments under the AAPCS64 calling convention, so the same source
assembles and runs correctly on Linux (ELF), macOS (Mach-O), Windows (COFF) and
the BSDs. It avoids `x18` (reserved on Darwin/Windows) and the `v8`–`v15`
callee-saved vector bank.
A single *binary* that runs everywhere is not possible — Linux, macOS and
Windows use incompatible executable formats and system-call ABIs. So the
portable C driver (`src/main.c`) supplies the per-OS parts (timing, memory,
I/O), and you build one binary per platform. The Linux build is named
`fossmark-linux-arm64`.
## Build
```sh ```sh
make # builds dist/fossmark-<os>-<arch> for the host
make linux-arm64 make linux-arm64
make linux-amd64 make linux-amd64
make macos-arm64 make macos-arm64
make macos-amd64 make macos-amd64
make bench # build and run the benchmark make all
make test # build and run the kernel correctness tests
``` ```
Both macOS targets can be built on either Apple Silicon or Intel Macs; Apple `make all` builds both Linux targets. Cross-compilation requires a suitable
Clang selects the requested architecture with `-arch`. They produce toolchain. Override the target compiler when its name differs from the default:
`dist/fossmark-macos-arm64` and `dist/fossmark-macos-amd64`, respectively.
Or by hand:
```sh ```sh
cc -O2 src/main.c src/fossmark.S -o dist/fossmark-linux-arm64 -lm make linux-arm64 CC_ARM64=aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc
make linux-amd64 CC_AMD64=x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc
``` ```
On macOS the same command produces a native binary (name it Apple Clang can build either macOS architecture with `-arch`. Windows timing
`fossmark-macos-arm64`); on Windows use `clang` from the LLVM/MSVC toolchain. and allocation code exists in the driver, but the Makefile does not include a
Windows target and the x86-64 assembly currently follows the System V ABI.
## Testing Run the benchmark with extra per-test details by passing `--verbose`:
`src/test_kernels.c` is a standalone harness that validates each kernel against ```sh
an independent reference or invariant — the sieve against a C reference sieve, ./dist/fossmark-linux-amd64 --verbose
the NEON ChaCha20 against a scalar reference anchored to the RFC 8439 ```
known-answer vector, the sort against `qsort`, the N-body step against
conservation of momentum, and so on. It exits non-zero if any check fails. The exact filename depends on the host platform and architecture.
## Scores
Each workload receives a score relative to a reference rate:
```text
test score = 10000 * measured rate / reference rate
```
The single-core and multicore totals are weighted geometric means of the nine
test scores. Both passes use the same reference rates and weights, so their
ratio gives a direct view of scaling across the machine's available cores.
| Test | Weight |
|---|---:|
| Integer math | 20% |
| Memory latency | 16% |
| Compression | 14% |
| Sorting | 12% |
| Extended instructions | 11% |
| Floating point math | 9% |
| Encryption | 8% |
| Prime numbers | 6% |
| Physics | 4% |
The reference rates, weights, target score, workload sizes, calibration floor,
and repeat count are compile-time constants in `src/main.c`. Changing them
creates a different benchmark profile, so scores from that build should not be
compared with scores from the default build.
Memory latency is displayed as nanoseconds per access, but its score uses the
underlying pointer-chase throughput. Latency results are sensitive to memory
placement and operating-system activity, so some variation between runs is
normal.
## Architecture support
The assembly kernels use only baseline instructions for their architecture:
* `src/fossmark.S` uses ARMv8-A and NEON under AAPCS64.
* `src/fossmark_x86_64.S` uses baseline x86-64 and SSE2 under the System V ABI.
The kernel files contain no system calls or calls into the C library. The same
ARM64 source can be assembled for Linux, macOS, Windows, and BSD object formats.
The current x86-64 source supports Linux, macOS, and the BSDs that use the
System V calling convention.
One binary cannot run on every supported target because operating systems and
architectures use different executable formats and instruction sets. Build a
separate binary for each operating system and architecture pair.
## Tests
The correctness suite checks all nine kernels against C reference
implementations, known answers, or invariants. Most checks also run concurrently
on every available core to catch shared-state and reentrancy bugs.
```sh ```sh
make test make test
``` ```
The suite covers the RFC 8439 ChaCha20 test vector, prime counts, sorting output,
physics momentum, pointer-chase behavior, and deterministic results. It exits
with a nonzero status if any check fails.
## Source layout
```text
src/main.c portable benchmark driver and scoring
src/fossmark.S ARM64 kernels
src/fossmark_x86_64.S x86-64 kernels
src/test_kernels.c correctness suite
Makefile native and cross-build targets
dist/ generated binaries
```
## License
No license file is included in this repository yet. Add one before distributing
fossbench or accepting outside contributions as an open-source project.